Is pachysandra invasive in wisconsin. long (5 cm), with creamy edges.

Is pachysandra invasive in wisconsin In this article, we discuss history, sunlight, Wisconsin’s winter Meet Green Carpet Japanese Spurge, also known as Pachysandra terminalis ‘Green Carpet’, the evergreen groundcover that creates a lush, glossy green mat under your trees. Colonizing ground covers produce underground stems that spread out horizontally and shallowly, produce roots and then send up new shoots. 2005. Where (include trends): Minnesota (6) and Kansas (8). 2) soil, but is also adapted to more acidic New England soils. Unfortunately, this aggressive This species is yet another representative of a curious disjunction in major plant lineages between North America and eastern Asia. Volutella blight is a common and potentially lethal disease of Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), an evergreen, semi-woody groundcover that is grown in shade gardens throughout hardiness zones 4 and 5 in Wisconsin. (1) I. Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) Although it is widely available at conventional garden centers, it is not a good choice for Midwest Invasive Plant List. Boxwood blight causes leaf spots on Pachysandra but does not typically cause defoliation or death of the plants. Native to Japan and northern central China, it grows 6 to 12 inches high and 12 to 18 inches wide. Root cuttings can be prised from the ground at virtually any time of the year. In Wisconsin? 6. Pachysandra is a low-maintenance plant, but an occasional pruning can keep it looking neat and healthy. org Pachysandra can grow in deep-shade areas and is thus well-suited and popular as ground cover for shade gardens. It is considered an exotic invasive in some U. 3. Allegheny spurge (Pachysandra procumbens): This pachysandra is native to the U. #ground #cover #invasive #plants Given time, Pachysandra forms a colony that can be hard to remove. Pg. org) • David Schimpf, Department of Biology, University of Minnesota - Duluth, Duluth, MN (218-726-7265; dschimpf@d. Each plant can reach up to 1 foot in height and will spread indefinitely, although it is not considered invasive. Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) Allegheny pachysandra (Pachysandra procumbens) Golden groundsel (Packera aurea) Broadleaf sedge (Carex platyphylla) invasive plant species at their point of sale or delivery into the state. It is native in SE North America. and not invasive. Pachysandra procumbens (Allegheny Spurge) is a shrubby ground cover which spreads via underground rhizomes to form a dense carpet of blue-green leaves marbled with silver and purple. There are >150 reports of D. Kurtz, C. in 2011. The phase-out period for selling remaining inventory classified as "restricted" ended May 1, 2020 Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese Spurge) is a shrubby, evergreen ground cover which spreads via underground runners to form a dense carpet of rich, dark green foliage. Abundance: Widespread through Wisconsin, primarily along roads and other transportation corridors (1). Dune Prairie Aquatic Forest The non-invasive alternative to Japanese pachysandra with similar growing conditions and equally suitable to xeriscaping in the shade is Allegheny spurge (Pachysandra procumbens). Allegheny Spurge (Pachysandra procumbens): A Native North American Beauty Goutweed is an aggressive invasive plant that forms dense patches, displaces native species, and greatly reduces WI (715-682-6619; steveg@glifwc. 5. Proportion of potential range occupied: In North America the hybrid L. In early spring, short spikes of small Pachysandra can handle the dry environment under a maple. Boxwood blight has been found in Europe and New Zealand, and was first confirmed in the U. Large beds of Pachysandra can be mowed to a height of 4 inches in early spring when plants are dry. Soil Preferences: Prefers circumneutral pH (6. The toothed leaves are dark green to blue-green and, as fall Invasive Listing Sources: Jil M. The Alleghany Pachysandra is considered to be more attractive than the overused Pachysandra terminalis. However, it is moderately drought-tolerant especially in shady habitats. Some people see it as invasive but it is not banned in MN. Growth Habit & Shape: Whorled, deeply lobed leave are highly ornamental, similar to geranium. NR 40 INVASIVE PLANTS - NR40 invasive plants were found at 46 separate nursery locations this season, down from 69 in 2019. thesis. Native solutions: Learn about invasive plants, like Japanese pachysandra with its white flowers or vinca minor with its glossy green leaves and violet blooms, to avoid as ground covers. Choose native plants instead to stay in control of your garden. Choose a planting location with fertile Volutella blight is a common and potentially lethal disease of Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), an evergreen, semi-woody groundcover that is grown in shade gardens throughout hardiness zones 4 Invasives_Topic Contact_Invasive Species Coordinator. (6) II. Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) Learn More about Invasive Plants; Virtual Classes. Plant(s); Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese spurge); southbound I-75 rest area just north of Gaylord, spreading through hardwood stand; Non-native invasive in North America. edu) SUGGESTED ALTERNATIVE PLANTS Allegheny pachysandra grows only 6 to 12 inches tall and is a colonizing ground cover. Invasive Plants & Native Alternatives – Elaine Mills Zoom session, recorded November 13, 2020; Invasives in Your Garden – Alyssa Ford Morel Zoom session, recorded August 5, 2022; Native Ground Covers for Sun and Shade – Elaine Mills Japanese spurge or Pachysandra is a broadleaf evergreen, herbaceous perennial or ground cover in the boxwood family (Buxaceae). Or consider removing the grass and growing shade-loving plants that compete well with weeds, such as vinca, English ivy, pachysandra or hosta. Report new populations of invasive species to slow their spread. lanata in Minnesota, all occuring near the Mississippi River east of Mnpls and at Kellogg (6). associated with diseased boxwood in the landscape have been recorded in Connecticut and in Virginia (Kong et al. Greensboro, Guilford Co. Minneapolis, Minnesota. & Zucc. Find where Selected images for Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis ) Invasive. x bella is the most aggressive of all the bush Mechanical removal: If Pachysandra terminalis is already invasive in a particular area, manual removal can be effective. However, Japanese Spurge spreads Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: First herbarium specimen was recorded in 1890 (1). I spoke with landscape architect Meg Arnosti of Windsor Companies about using Pachysandra responsibly. It tends to form dense carpets that can crowd out native vegetation, especially in Invasives_Topic Contact_Invasive Species Coordinator. Proportion of potential range occupied: In Wisconsin, it is thought that a large percentage of vulnerable sites are as yet unoccupied (6). terminalis), and combines well with other woodland plants. An assessment of invasive plant species monitored by the Northern Research Station Forest Inventory Impacts of Invasive Species: In 2023, WIFDN completed one-page factsheets to share the impacts of invasive species. Geographic Range: 31 Wisconsin counties have reported this species present, mostly in southern and central Wisconsin. An assessment of invasive plant species monitored by the Northern Research Station Forest Inventory The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) first reported boxwood blight in Michigan in 2018. The most commonly used species is P. It is bounded by driveway and lawn. Invasive Plants in Northern Virginia; More About Invasive Plants; Native Plants for the Mid-Atlantic: Tried & True Fact Sheets Pachysandra procumbens (Allegheny Spurge) Why plant English Ivy, Vinca, or Liriope when you can enjoy this southern* semi-evergreen gem? Fragrant white flower spikes in spring Mountain pachysandra is a native plant in the Buxaceae family. M. Enhance shaded areas with Pachysandra, a hardy groundcover known for its dense foliage and adaptability to difficult spots. The foliage is usually deciduous in USDA Zones 5 and 6 but semi-evergreen to evergreen in Zones 7 to 9. The plant typically forms a dense, dark green mat of leaves, making it a great choice for an under-trees plant. Geographic Range: Southern Wisconsin and Bayfield, Oconto, and Door counties (1). It is native to the southeastern United WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. I. General Description . Pachysandra does best in part shade to full shade and is intolerant of full sun as foliage bleaches in full sun or high native allegheny spurge (Pachysandra pro-cumbens, Zones 5–9, 9–3) as a groundcover for the woodland garden. Lorin Nielsen will Best to eliminate Pachysandra – one of the greatest threats to biodiversity is from non-native invasive plants. Brought from Eastern Asia as an ornamental ground-cover, Japanese Spurge (Pachysandra) is an aggressively spreading State List - This map identifies those states that list this species on their invasive species list or law. There are other groundcover choices that are unique, beautiful, non-invasive, and adapted to Maryland’s growing conditions. As a host, though, Pachysandra procumbens is superficially similar in appearance to its exotic and introduced cousin Pachysandra terminalis, with a few notable differences. It is not aggressive like the more commonly sold Japanese pach-ysandra (P. Before purchasing or planting Pachysandra, check your local laws to be sure the plant is allowed in your area. Invasive plants a guide to identification and the impacts and control of common North American species. The plant is gently invasive enough to be one of the easiest plants to propagate. Form mat-like or mounding clumps of fleshy, rhizome-like stems, with deep green leaves in whorls of 2-4 at the tips. Pachysandra is often severely infested by this scale. Follow the general planting and care guidelines outlined in the article. (6) III. Multiple instances of diseased . Proportion of potential range occupied: Already widespread in its generalized range within the U. Invasive Pachysandra terminalis covers a large area of forested ground in Howard, County, Maryland. (1) This is a vast under-reporting of the occurrence of autumn olive is WI. org database [exit DNR] Wisconsin State Herbarium [exit DNR] This commonly cultivated evergreen groundcover from Japan and China persists or slowly spreads from cultivation; it is not presently considered particularly invasive. Japanese Pachysandra can be somewhat invasive in ideal conditions. states. (1) Disturbed Areas A shade loving plant, the pachysandra procumbens can be a good naturalizing groundcover with greyish green leaves. 2010. Prevent the spread of invasive species. S Forest Service, Invasive species have contributed to the decline of 42% of U. Growing via underground runners to form a dense carpet of Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) is a very effective groundcover native to eastern Asia. Pachysandra terminalis ‘Green Carpet’ Most of the invasive ground covers have escaped cultivation and are taking over the woods to the detriment of our native plants. ginnala as invasive in CT, IL, MA, MO, NY, VT, and WI. , and this disease is now present across the vast majority of the eastern half of the United . Pachysandra terminalis, commonly called Japanese pachysandra, is a shrubby, evergreen ground cover which grows 8-12" high and spreads by rhizomes to form a dense carpet of rich, dark green foliage. for use as an Although it is widely available at conventional garden centers, it is not a good choice for woodland gardens or stream banks as it can easily escape cultivation. DATCP issued a Pest Abatement Order to prevent this potentially invasive species from becoming established in Wisconsin. Pachysandra most often escapes into forested areas that back onto human settlements. There are probably two generations each season, and the winter is passed in a nearly mature condition; eggs are formed during May and hatch later in the month. umn. You can hand-pull creeping Charlie, but it’s difficult to completely remove the extensive creeping stem system so this may not be a viable solution if the area is heavily infested. Proportion of potential range occupied: This species occupies only a portion of its potential range in WI. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: First reported from WI in 1923, now probably found in every county in WI - however due to under-reporting the full extent of its spread is not well known. Identification of Invasive species: Click on the links below to zoom to tables on this page to learn about identification and impacts of many invasive species in Wisconsin: OR, For comprehensive identification resources by ID traits for Wisconsin’s [] In your garden's shady areas, you can grow the invasive ground cover pachysandra. It is rarely truly naturalized but once established it appears to be difficult to I. Despised teasels. DRAFT February 24, 2005 – Wisconsin DNR, Division of Forestry INVASIVE PLANTS IN FORESTRY - MANAGEMENT GUIDE Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Japanese barberry can be found invading oak woodlands and oak savannas; it is widespread but not yet abundant in Wisconsin woodlands south of the Tension Zone, and is present and spreading Adding a splash of color to shady areas of the garden, award-winning Pachysandra terminalis 'Silver Edge' or 'Variegata' (Japanese Spurge) is a very popular, shrubby, evergreen ground cover. 65 p. For both sun and shade, this native is a good spreading evergreen subshrub that is also non-invasive. Its patterned, semi-evergreen foliage grows six inches tall, and clumps may spread to create a three- to Learn about Pachysandra and its ability to thrive in low-light garden areas. Use of barriers: Installing Sometimes known as Japanese spurge, pachysandra is a small genus of very dwarf shrubs, popular for over a century for their ability to spread into a dense evergreen carpet beneath other taller shrubs. This involves digging up the plants, including the rhizomes, to prevent regrowth. Invasive in Which Habitat Types . Habitat Invaded: White mulberry occurs naturally in sparse forests on hillsides at a wide range of elevations. Maples have shade and surface roots. Invasive in Similar Climate Zones : 1. Invasive in Similar Climate Zones . Invasive Plants & Better Alternatives. to 10 p. Tiny white flowers in 1-2" long, terminal (hence the species name) spikes bloom in Tips for Growing Japanese Pachysandra. It is not invasive. It grows much slower and less aggressively than common Japanese pachysandra. This species prefers cool summers and grows less vigorously at the southern end of its range. long (5-10 known reports of B. Colonizing ground covers have potential to be strong growers, but Allegheny pachysandra generally is easy to manage. m. Rob Wisconsin and south to the Carolinas. For more information, contact. Oval leaves (2-4" long) appear primarily in whorls at the stem ends. YES : NO Pachysandra terminalis. pseudoacacia in WI are from 1880. Because of this, many localities consider them invasive. Eradicate and control invasive species on your land. The disease was first detected in Wisconsin (in Kenosha County) in 2018. Links for more information: Invasive. 2007. It is reported as invasive in 15 states, including Virginia, and in nearby Rock Herring Run Nursery will be focusing each day on one invasive plant and a native alternative. Michigan is the 29th state to report boxwood blight in the U. NO : Where (include trends): Reports of the escape of isolated Japanese Abundance: 24 documented vouchers in Wisconsin, mostly one or a few individuals. endangered and threatened species and Deciduous to evergreen ground cover, 6-10(12) inches [15-25(30) cm] high, spreads by rhizomes. . 215 p. Plant pachysandra ground cover in spring after all threat of frost has passed. Green Sheen Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis ‘Green Sheen’): Leaves of this cultivar are much glossier than the species. Pachysandra terminalis : butterweed, cressleaf groundsel 11: Packera glabella / Senecio glabellus 11: P : C: 7 This Wisconsin list developed in 2003 by the Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin (informal assessment) 10 In addition to its susceptibility to Volutella dieback, Japanese Pachysandra has escaped garden cultivation and is now invasive in some natural areas of Maryland. P. English Pachysandra is a rampant groundcover often used in shade gardens. Upland : Wetland . terminalis ‘Green Carpet’ is a more compact form with smaller more finely toothed leaves. In a garden setting it spreads quickly by rhizomes, pro Pachysandra, also called Japanese spurge, is an evergreen ground cover that looks like a great idea when you plant it--after all, it stays green year-round and spreads quickly to fill an area. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Native alternatives to Pachysandra procumbens, also called Allegheny spurge, is a low, easy-growing ground cover. However, it is essential to ensure that all plant material is properly disposed of to prevent further spread. 2013. org. Swearingen, Survey of invasive plants occurring on National Park Service lands, 2000-2007: John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Survey of TNC Preserves, 1995. (18, 19) I. Pachysandra does well in USDA hardiness zones 4 through 7. 1. Pachysandra terminalis ‘Green Carpet’: This cultivar is a more compact Japanese pachysandra featuring shiny dark green leaves. Timing and spread concerns: Whenever possible, plants should be controlled before they begin climbing vertically, both due to relative ease of treatment and to prevent fruiting. terminalis, the Japanese spurge, which is an aggressively spreading Pachysandra procumbens, photo by Robert Pavlis. long (5 cm), with creamy edges. Geographic Range: Crown vetch has been documented in 50 counties; it is probably undervouchered and likely to be established in nearly every county. Over the last 40 years it does pop up in some other parts of the designated A. A good plant to start with is Allegheny pachysandra (Pachysandra procumbens). ‘Restricted’ plants on this list that were in the state as of May 1, 2015 may continue to be sold, transferred, transported and planted until May 1, 2018 for . DNR invasive species staff Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 101 S. 458 p. YES . For more information, visit Invasive. Noteworthy Characteristics. Today this species is reported as escaped or naturalized in 40 counties across WI. Persists well from cultivation and naturalizes, probably vegetatively, to nearby sites. Photo: C. in the landscape was first observed in Connecticut in 2012 (Douglas 2012) in close proximity to diseased boxwood plants. But, because it is invasive, find out how to get rid of pachysandra here. Brought from Eastern Asia as an ornamental ground-cover, Japanese Spurge (Pachysandra) is an aggressively spreading evergreen. Abundance: Very widespread throughout southern Wisconsin and parts of central Wisconsin. Pachysandra Four species of evergreen or semi-evergreen herbaceous perennials or subshrubs. Carignan. ; Kaufman, W. Spring is an ideal season to identify invasives because they may be the first to show life, according to Kari Hagenow, president of the Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin. (1, 2). How to use it. An invasive plant, as defined by the law, has the potential to result in widespread dispersal and WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. It can regenerate from the smallest piece of root, making it especially easy to spread (and hard to get rid of!) through normal gardening activities. thunbergii in the state of WI are from the 1930s. About This Subject; View Images Details; View Images; Go To Host Page; Resources. Webster Street PO Box 7921 Madison, WI 53707-7921 Call 1-888-936-7463 (TTY Access via relay - 711) from 7 a. M. Japanese pachysandra can quickly overrun For local assistance managing woody invasive species, please get in touch with a cooperative invasive species management group or a university extension program. In Wisconsin? 1. University of Wisconsin Press. Czarapata, Elizabeth; Invasive Plants of the Upper Midwest: an illustrated guide to their identification and control. There are 95 species of Buxus worldwide, with 4 species and several hybrids and 365 cultivars available in the US. org is a joint project of University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service , USDA Forest Service , USDA Identification Technology Program , and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Invasive plants are those that grow aggressively, spread quickly and displace native plants in an ecosystem. No . Invasive Green Carpet Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis ‘Green Carpet’): The deep green, waxy foliage of this cultivar is short, but very upright, forming a low, uniform mat. I have it under one maple where it grows in a hal0 about 12 feet away from the trunk. Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) Periwinkle (Vinca minor) Herring Run Nursery will be focusing each day on one invasive plant and a native alternative. It features particularly attractive glossy, rhomboid, gray-green to dark green leaves, 2 in. You are thinking of It is reported as invasive in 15 states, including Virginia, and in nearby Rock Creek National Park. "Pachysandra is not considered to be invasive in Minnesota," she says, "and on the list of invasive plants from the An invasive species is defined as 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Pachysandra terminalis is a hardy perennial that spreads to form dense mats of groundcover. Pachysandra Terminalis, commonly known as either Pachysandra or Japanese Spurge, is a low-growing plant that develops on thick stems to a height of about 6″ to 10″ depending on the shade exposure. Non-Native Invasive Plants of Arlington County, Virginia: WeedUS - Database of Plants Invading Natural Areas in the United States In addition, the disease has been reported on Japanese and Allegheny pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis and Pachysandra procumbens respectively), two common groundcovers. 2016). Adjacent grasslands 3. Don’t Plant: Japanese Spurge. Noted for its extra-glossy, bright green leaves, award-winning Pachysandra terminalis 'Green Sheen' (Japanese Spurge) is a shrubby, evergreen ground cover with extraordinarily shiny, slightly curled, oval leaves, 2-4 in. Spreads aggressively by rhizome and seed. The female scales are gray and pear-shaped, while the males are smaller, narrower, and whiter. In the forest understory, it outcompetes native plants such as our spring ephemeral wildflowers and the wildlife (insects, birds) they support. Volutella blight can severely limit the aesthetic appeal of pachysandra wherever i While Pachysandra terminalis is not as aggressive as other invasive species, it can still spread beyond its initial planting area via its rhizomatous growth habit. (9) A. Compare with the Allegheny-spurge (Pachysandra procumbens), which is native to one county in the Mountains of NC. They can also be planted on slopes and Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. If you want to restrict its spread, consider using edging or barriers. One planting of a dozen plants began to reproduce after 6-8 years with dozens of seedlings. NO : Where (include trends) The plants listed here were regulated by NR40, Wisconsin’s Invasive species rule as of May 1, 2015. , NC 5/15/10. Pachysandra is easy to care for in almost every region of the United States, but it prefers hardiness zones 4-8. However, since they are marginally hardy, they require special consideration. Japanese Spurge is still widely used in landscaping today. 4. The leaves are arranged in circular patterns around fleshy, erect stems. R. Pachysandra may allow some other taller plants in your garden to remain, but the blanketed groundcover will In addition to its susceptibility to Volutella dieback, Japanese Pachysandra has escaped garden cultivation and is now invasive in some natural areas of Maryland. According to the U. Kaufman, S. Pachysandra. Japanese pachysandra is a popular landscaping plant chosen by homeowners as a ground cover for hard-to-grow, shaded areas and areas with poor soils. Pachysandra is considered invasive in Pennsylvania. YES NO 2. ginnala is hardy in zones 3-8. WHERE FROM From Eastern Asia, pachysandra first came to the U. YES : NO . Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese Spurge) is listed in the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. 8-7. S. Like its popular Japanese cousin (Pachysandra terminalis), this native produces rounded, coarsely toothed foliage on low fleshy stems, but it has a much greater flair for the dramatic, changing its look as the season progresses. III. II. Pachysandra is a great pick for a border garden. The spikes of white to pink, bottlebrush-like flowers that emerge in early spring before new leaf growth emerges are very fragrant. We no longer recommend planting it. As of September 2019, it has been detected in four counties in Michigan (Figure 1). The evergreen to semi-evergreen leaves in zones 7-8 forms a dense mat that happily grows under trees and shrubs and other shady places. 112; USDA Forest Service, Weed of Week: Moneywort. Tiny white flowers in 1-2" long, terminal (hence the species name) spikes bloom in Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. Small beds of Pachysandra can be pruned by cutting plants back by half their height in early spring using bypass hand pruners. 5 cm wide, toothed, mostly above the middle, green when young, turning bluish-green, often with gray mottling. Below is a list of invasive plants commonly planted and some of the native plants that you can use to replace them. Effects of site and climate characteristics on forest invasibility by non-native plants in the Midwest. Whereas North America has this single species of Pachysandra, eastern Asia boasts two, P. Pachysandra Noteworthy Characteristics. Instead of using the three commonly used non-native ground covers – Vinca, Liriope, and Japanese Pachysandra – you have many options available in native ground covers that are more welcoming to wildlife. With charming white flowers in spring and dark green susceptible to this disease; this includes Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese spurge), Pachysandra procumbens (Allegheny spurge) and Sarcococca species (sweetbox) and of course Boxwood (Buxus species). Leaves alternate, simple, ovate to rounded, 5-10 cm long, 2-7. The problem? This plant has no boundaries and doesn’t know when to stop. Weed of the Week - USDA Forest Service; State List - This map identifies those states that list this species on their invasive species list or law. Wisconsin's invasive species rule makes it illegal to possess, transport, transfer or introduce known invasive species. Its natural environment includes moist rich woods. If you are thinking to yourself that you know Pachysandra and that this is an invasive Asian species that should not be planted, you would be wrong. Bloom Description: Pure white, cup-shaped, upward-facing flowers bloom from April to June. Japanese Maples are a highly coveted landscape plant for many good reasons. Types of Japanese Pachysandra . Invasive in Similar Habitat Several genera in the plant family Buxaceae are susceptible to this disease; this includes Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese spurge), Pachysandra procumbens (Allegheny spurge) and Sarcococca species (sweetbox) and of Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), a common groundcover plant, is also a host of boxwood blight. Common Name: Japanese pachysandra: Habitat: Forming dense thickets in deciduous forests, forested roadsides, and around old home sites. Its lighter green color also creates contrast next to hedges and evergreens. hggqww ljefp etqyn avu vnrkx tdihnp moogz bch ecknwf hdnqs